This chapter is about the positions of the wolves in the pack and distinguishing the facts from the fiction of novels.

Wolves live in packs – groups of animals that are usually related by close blood ties (family units). A hierarchical order exists within the pack; every animal knows its place in that order. ... The male and female leaders of the pack are called the breeding pair (formerly referred to as alphas).

Pup:

These are babies/ children of the pack. They are fed and babysat up to the age of a year they are fully grown. After this, they start doing everything an adult wolf does, such as marking their territory and hunting. Up to three years they stay in the same pack, after that they may leave and find their own mates, and start their own pack, or stay in the same pack, and take care of pups as the adults had done for them. The young wolves remain at rendezvous sites while the adults hunt the surrounding countryside. When adults return from the hunt, the pups lick the muzzles of the adult animals, and the wolves regurgitate predigested food for the young pups.

Sigmas:

Sigmas are still permanent ranking wolves but they don't do much. In the hunt, they run with the pack but have the power to push them in line if they fail. Sigma also gets a good meal after a hunt. Sigmas are usually of in-pack relations as betas and alphas. Usually, a wolf that joined from the outside won't go as high as a Sigma, unless they show wonderful tactics and attitude. Reason being: Wolves with In-Pack relation have more to lean back on, if you are a wolf of alpha blood you are considered somewhat like your parents, then given some leeway to raise yourself a rank. But some would squander the family heritage thus ruining it for themselves. They are also the tutors and teach the pups about various things.

Alphas:

The Alphas are the Wisest, Strongest, Highest ranking members of the wolf pack as they hold absolute control over their pack members. The Alphas are responsible for leading the pack on hunts, establishing pack territory and its safety, accepting strangers into the pack, or driving errant wolves out of the pack. They are responsible for keeping the pack in order and control and will take many precautions to see that the pack is not disturbed. Each pack member is considered family but respect is still persistent. The Alpha couple is always the first to eat from a kill, gets the biggest portions, and choicest cuts of food. They tell the pack what to do, where to go, and how to work without questions from their members. Keeping things on a strict basis is their way of showing their care and concern for the pack-mates. The Alpha wolves can also choose their most trusted companions to become their Betas. They demand respect and are in the position to punish or banish those who do not show it. An alphas command can not be disobeyed without consequences.

Betas:

The Beta rank is the highest-ranking wolf in the pack just below the Alpha couple. The Beta wolf is essentially the second-in-command of the wolf pack and beyond this most significant point, the Beta is otherwise similar to wolves in the High rank. When the Alpha's are absent (which for reason can be surveying areas, choosing new territory, editing sites, etc), it is the Beta's job to make sure the pack is organized and under control. Any problems that occur in the pack, the Betas report to the Alphas and allow the Alphas to take control. When the Alphas are indeed away for a time, these wolves are the next in authority and demand the same respect and control from their packmates.

Delta:

A Delta is known as a third in command, they are below the Alphas and Betas but are higher up in the rankings than other wolves. Deltas usually take control of the spars and training when the Betas or Alphas are too busy to do so.

Lead Warrior:

The lead warrior takes his/her orders directly from the Alphas or Betas. They are the main leader, general, or captain of the warriors in the pack. Warrior wolves protect the pack with their lives and will not back down from a fight against something that is threatening the pack. They also go on border controls to keep an eye on the pack borders, usually are the ones who bring new wolves to the Alphas and if Alphas are away the Betas.

Warriors:

The amount of warriors depends on the size of the pack. They are the guardians and protectors of the pack. The warriors will roam the pack lands ensuring its safety. They are the ones that will keep watch at night. They protect the pack with their lives. If the pack is threatened and the Hunters and Scouters are indeed in danger, they take their place and fight for the safety of the pack. The warriors must be quick to think and remain calm in any given situation.

Hunters:

They can either gather food or service for the pack or track down the ones that appear threatening. They mostly introduce their recruits to the Alphas to see whether or not other wolves can be accepted. They also protect the pack by fighting off enemies or predators. If there are ones that are threatening the pack, they take on the role of "decoys" till the pack has found safety. Once the "coast is clear", they meet up with the pack hours later.

Healers:

When someone is injured from a battle, fight, or accident, they are to be sent to a healer or others call them Pack doctors. Healers can either be gifted to heal another wolf or are good with medicine and looking after wolves. Healers stay out of pack fights as they are needed to heal, if there are no healers, the pack can slowly grow weak.

Psi (Unlimited)

- These are the subordinates of the pack. Usually\, new members or yearling wolves start here and must prove themselves before they are given a better ranking. However\, they need to be careful and achieve a higher ranking least they become the Omega. (Subordinate)

Upsilon (1-4)

- The Upsilon are the scouts or spies of the pack. They go into other pack territories to find out what's going on. Afterward\, they report back to the Alpha and tell them about all that they have seen\, even should it just be that pups have been born. They will also report to the Zeta if they were asked to find wolves of their own for battle\, or they report to the Alpha pair. (Scouts/Spies).

Tau (1)

- The Tau is the lead Scout/Upsilon. They give orders to the Upsilon on whom to spy upon or what packs to look at. They are also known as the best of the Upsilon and only those who've proven themselves may be promoted from Upsilon to this position. However\, their direct orders come from the Alphas. (Lead Scout)

Gamma (1-2)

- Those holding this position are usually if not always the oldest and wisest of the pack. Through their stories and their phrases\, they pass on to the others within the pack their pearls of wisdom. They delight in telling stories to pups though sometimes what they tell is just legend\, still\, each story usually has some sort of moral to it. At one time they may have been the Alpha and usually\, that is true. However\, the current Alphas may put others here should it seem right to them. There is usually only one or two who fill this position and normally only one of each gender\, especially if they were a prior Alpha pair. Those who hold this position are much respected and loved by the rest of the pack. (Elders).

IMP NOTICE: I HAVE NOT WRITTEN THESE. IT TOOK A LOT OF SEARCHES TO FIND THESE. FROM THE NEXT CHAPTERS WE WILL BE TALKING ABOUT WOLVES AND OTHER STORIES RELATED TO WOLVES. IF YOU GUYS HAVE ANY REQUESTS ITS ALWAYS WELCOMED IN THE COMMENT SECTION.

The werewolf is a mythological animal and the subject of many stories throughout the world—and more than a few nightmares. Werewolves are, according to some legends, people who morph into vicious, powerful wolves. Others are a mutant combination of human and wolf. But all are bloodthirsty beasts who cannot control their lust for killing people and animals.

Early Werewolf Legends

It’s unclear exactly when and where the werewolf legend originated. Some scholars believe the werewolf made its debut in The Epic of Gilgamesh, the oldest known Western prose when Gilgamesh jilted a potential lover because she had turned her previous mate into a wolf.

Werewolves made another early appearance in Greek mythology with the Legend of Lycaon. According to the legend, Lycaon, the son of Pelasgus, angered the god Zeus when he served him a meal made from the remains of a sacrificed boy. As punishment, the enraged Zeus turned Lycaon and his sons into wolves.

Werewolves also emerged in early Nordic folklore. The Saga of the Volsungs tells the story of a father and son who discovered wolf pelts that had the power to turn people into wolves for ten days. The father-son duo donned the pelts, transformed into wolves, and went on a killing rampage in the forest. Their rampage ended when the father attacked his son, causing a lethal wound. The son only survived because a kind raven gave the father a leaf with healing powers.

Infamous Werewolves

Many so-called werewolves from centuries ago were in fact serial killers, and France had its fair share. In 1521, Frenchmen Pierre Burgos and Michel Verdun allegedly swore allegiance to the devil and claimed to have an ointment that turned them into wolves. After confessing to brutally murdering several children, they were both burned to death at the stake. (Burning was thought to be one of the few ways to kill a werewolf.)

Giles Garnier, known as the “Werewolf of Dole,” was another sixteenth-century Frenchman whose claim to fame was also an ointment with wolf-morphing abilities. According to legend, as a wolf, he viciously killed children and ate them. He too was burned to death at the stake for his monstrous crimes.

Whether Burgos, Verdun, or Garnier was mentally ill, acted under the influence of a hallucinogenic substance, or were simply cold-blooded killers is up for debate. But it likely didn’t matter to superstitious Europeans during the 16th century. To them, such heinous crimes could only be committed by a horrific beast such as the werewolf.

The Bedburg Werewolf

Peter Stubbe, a wealthy, fifteenth-century farmer in Bedburg, Germany, maybe the most notorious werewolf of them all. According to folklore, he turned into a wolf-like creature at night and devoured many citizens of Bedburg.

Peter was eventually blamed for the gruesome killings after being cornered by hunters who claimed they saw him shape-shift from wolf to human form. He experienced a grisly execution after confessing under torture to savagely killing animals, men, women, and children—and eating their remains. He also declared he owned an enchanted belt that gave him the power to transform into a wolf at will. Not surprisingly, the belt was never found.

Peter’s guilt is controversial since some people believe he wasn’t a killer but the victim of a political witch hunt—or perhaps a werewolf-hunt. Either way, the circumstances surrounding his life and death stoked rampant fears at the time that werewolves were on the loose.

The Shape-Shifter as Werewolf

Some legends maintain werewolves shape-shifted at will due to a curse. Others state they transformed with the help of an enchanted sash or a cloak made of wolf pelt. Still, others claim people became wolves after being scratched or bit by a werewolf.

In many werewolf stories, a person only turns into a wolf when there’s a full moon—and that theory may not be far-fetched. According to a study conducted at Australia’s Calvary Mater Newcastle hospital, a full moon brings out the “beast” in many humans. The study found that of the 91 violent, acute behavior incidents at the hospital between August 2008 and July 2009, 23 percent happened during a full moon.

Patients attacked staff and displayed wolf-like behaviors such as biting, spitting, and scratching. Although many were under the influence of drugs or alcohol at the time, it’s unclear why they became intensely violent when the moon was full.

Are Werewolves Real?

The werewolf phenomenon may have a medical explanation. Take Peter the Wild Boy, for instance. In 1725, he was found wandering ***** on all fours through a German forest. Many thought he was a werewolf or at least raised by wolves.

Peter ate with his hands and couldn’t speak. He was eventually adopted by the courts of King George I and King George II and lived out his days as their “pet” in England.

Research has shown Peter likely had Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, a condition discovered in 1978 that causes lack of speech, seizures, distinct facial features, difficulty breathing, and intellectual challenges.

Other medical conditions that may have encouraged werewolf-mania throughout history are:

lycanthropy (a rare, psychological condition that causes people to believe they’re changing into a wolf or other animal)

food poisoning

hypertrichosis (a rare, genetic disorder causing excessive hair growth)

rabies

hallucination, possibly caused by hallucinogenic herbs

Throughout the centuries, people have used werewolves and other mythic beasts to explain the unexplainable. In modern times, however, most believe werewolves are nothing more than pop culture horror icons, made famous thanks to Hollywood’s 1941 flick, The Wolf Man.

Still, werewolves have a cult following, werewolf sightings are reported each year, and werewolf legends will likely continue to haunt the dreams of people throughout the world.

No, male wolves do not go into heat, however, there is a rutting season, usually in late winter, when the females go into heat and the males become competitive, seeking to breed available female

{Not my writing: source internet: all its words go to its original writers}

Fenrir also called Fenrisúlfr, monstrous wolf of Norse mythology. He was the son of the demoniac god Loki and a giantess, Angerboda. Fearing Fenrir’s strength and knowing that only evil could be expected of him, the gods bound him with a magical chain made of the sound of a cat’s footsteps, the beard of a woman, the breath of fish, and other occult elements. When the chain was placed upon him, Fenrir bit off the hand of the god Tyr. He was gagged with a sword and was destined to lie bound to a rock until the Ragnarök (Doomsday) when he will break his bonds and fall upon the gods. According to one version of the myth, Fenrir will devour the sun, and in the Ragnarök, he will fight against the chief god Odin and swallow him. Odin’s son Vidar will avenge his father, stabbing the wolf to the heart according to one account and tearing his jaws asunder according to another. Fenrir figures prominently in Norwegian and Icelandic poetry of the 10th and 11th centuries, and the poets speak apprehensively of the day when he will break loose.

An ultima has four known forms, with or without red eyes. Like regular werewolves, the ultima has a human-like form and one with its ears and tail exposed. However, ultimas can turn more wolf-like in appearance. The first ultima had a form that resembled a classic lycanthrope.

Luna is a responsible for bearing pups to the alpha male and supports him and the rest of the pack in times of need. A luna is actually a fictional character, and therefore has no actual meaning. In terms the character Luna was an alpha female of her pack, and a very responsible, loving and understanding, and was a very good of a wife, so when in stories when someone write 'Luna of the pack' they symbolise the similar to the character, good in all aspects, but also has the capability to learn new things, with an open mind. Many authors don't know what they mean when they write about Luna, they only mean an alpha female.

There are three species and close to 40 subspecies of the wolf, according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), so they come in many different sizes. The most common type of wolf is the gray wolf or timber wolf.

Wolves are the largest members of the dog family. Wolves can roam large and long distances, sometimes up to 12 miles (20 kilometers) in a single day. Wolves prefer to eat large animals like deer, elk, and moose. One wolf can eat 20 pounds (9 kilograms) of meat at a single sitting.

Wolves live in packs because cooperation allows them to bring down larger prey. The male and female leaders of the pack are called the breeding pair (formerly referred to as alphas). These two animals lead the pack during a hunt and often eat first when a kill is made.

VERAGE WEIGHT. females: 60 to 80 pounds. males: 70 to 110 pounds. ...

LENGTH OF LIFE. up to 13 years in wild. (usually 6 to 8 years) ...

NUMBER OF TEETH. 42 Teeth. BREEDING SEASON. ...

PACK TERRITORY SIZE. 25 to 150 square miles in Minnesota. 300 to 1,000 in Alaska and Canada. ...

COMMON FOOD. ungulates.

I hope this series actually ya'll to understand the actual pack system.