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uranium-thorium-lead dating, also called Common-lead Dating, method of establishing the time of origin of a rock by means of the amount of common lead it contains; common lead is any lead from a rock or mineral that contains a large amount of lead and a small amount of the radioactive progenitors of lead—i.e., the uranium isotopes uranium-235 and uranium-238 and the thorium isotope thorium-232.

See how uranium-thorium dating of artifacts is used to determine when humans arrived in North America

The important characteristic of common lead is that it contains no significant proportion of radiogenic lead accumulated since the time that the mineral or rock phase was formed. Of the four isotopes of lead, two are formed from the uranium isotopes and one is formed from the thorium isotope; only lead-204 is not known to have any long-lived radioactive progenitor. Primordial lead is thought to have been formed by stellar nuclear reactions, released to space by supernovae explosions, and incorporated within the dust cloud that constituted the primordial solar system; the troilite (iron sulfide) phase of iron meteorites contains lead that approximates the primordial composition. The lead incorporated within the Earth has been evolving continuously from primordial lead and from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium isotopes. Thus, the lead isotopic composition of any mineral or rock depends upon its age and the environment from which it was formed; that is, it would depend upon the ratio of uranium plus thorium to lead in the parent material.

The Earth can be assumed to be a very large sample containing lead evolving from primordial lead by radiogenic increments. If modern lead, for example, from marine sediments or modern basalts has the composition of lead in the Earth and if the lead in the troilite phase of iron meteorites has the composition of primordial lead, then a simple model yields about 4.6 billion years for the age of the Earth. This age is in good agreement with the age of the meteorites and the age of the Moon as determined independently.